Rong Zeng and Patricia Greenfield studied the words used in 277,189 Chinese language books published in the few decades, finding evidence rising individualism and materialism in concert with growing urbanism, increasing wealth and higher levels of formal education. Download books for free. Chinese people have held collectivistic values such as duty, giving to other people, social belonging, and obedience for thousands of years. The frequency of “get” shows a nine-fold increase, whereas the frequency of “give” barely rises (Figure 2). Sources for the remaining six words indexing individualistic values (“compete,” “private,” “autonomy,” “talent,” “innovation,“ and “fair”) lie in values hypothesized to be adaptive in the new China, organized around a market economy.As an example of the contrasting pairs of words, “assign” and “compete,” are of special significance in Chinese society. The frequency of “assign” also kept increasing until society finished the transition; during the cultural revolution and the transitional period, jobs and housing were assigned to people by the government. According to Greenfield’s (2009) theory of social change and human development, materialistic and individualistic values (e.g., sense of agency, importance of choice) are adapted to a relatively wealthy, urbanized, high tech, commercial environment with a high level of formal education; collectivistic values are adapted to a relatively poor, rural, low technology, subsistence-based environment with a low level of formal education.In a big-data study of the words used in 277,189 Chinese-language books published between 1970 and 2008, we found evidence of rising individualism and materialism in concert with growing urbanism, increasing wealth and higher levels of formal education (Zeng & Greenfield, 2015).This study utilized the Google Ngram Viewer, a tool for massive culture-wide content analysis, to count word frequencies from millions of digitized books in the Google Books database. Using the Google Ngram Viewer, Greenfield (2013) found that, in concert with urbanization and correlated increases in wealth, the frequency of words reflecting individualistic and materialistic values increased from 1800 to 2000 in both the U.S. and the U.K., while those reflecting collectivistic values declined.In the study of Chinese values, we selected 16 words that represent important values in Chinese society throughout or at different time points during the last four decades, with half of them representing traditional collectivistic values and the other half representing individualistic and materialistic values. Five of the 16 words had been used in the U.S. and British study: “Choose” and “get” indexed individualistic and materialistic values respectively; “obliged,” “give,” and “obedience” indexed collectivistic values. Thirty-nine years is quite a short moment for value shifts, even in comparison to 200 years in Greenfield’s (2013) study of the value shifts in the U.S. and U. K. Focusing on the period from 1970 to 2008, which contains the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) and subsequent Economic Reform (1978 to now), this study shows what may be one of the steepest turning points in the long, zigzag course of China’s social and value development.As China is entering a “new normal” for its economy, which means slower economic development and deeper levels of change in other aspects of society, the competition between individualistic values and collectivistic values is likely to continue for some time. PublishersGlobal includes a global directory of publishing companies, publishing industry events and Page 2 of 2 of all the publishing companies in the directory of publishers of Hong Kong that are listed under 'Chinese Publishers. In recent decades, China has experienced extremely rapid system-wide social change, thereby requiring its people to meet great challenges to their traditional values and life styles. Greenfield: free download. Sources for the remaining five words indexing collectivistic values (“assign,” “communal,” “effort,” “help,” and “sacrifice,”) lie in Chinese cultural and social traditions (e.g, Confucianism).
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